The economic evaluation of job safety

Zusammenfassung Gesetzliche Regelungen und direkte staatliche Eingriffe im Bereich der Arbeitswelt, des Verkehrs oder der Umwelt haben in einem großen Ausmaß die Vermeidung oder Reduzierung von Krankheits- und Unfallrisken zum Ziel. Nicht selten verläuft die öffentliche Diskussion über die Beurteilung dieser Maßnahmen im außerökonomischen Raum unter (bewußtem oder unbewußtem) Verzicht auf die Offenlegung der Kosten-Nutzen-Aspekte. Doch gerade die Umweltproblematik demonstriert deutlich die Aktualität der Frage, anhand welcher Kriterien die politischen Entscheidungsträger derartige Maßnahmen bewerten sollen.In dieser Arbeit wird die Frage der Bewertung von Sicherheitsmaßnahmen aus der Sicht des Arbeitsmarktes aufgegriffen. Nach einer theoretischen Einleitung gibt sie einen Überblick über verschiedene methodische Konzepte zur Quantifizierung des Nutzens von Maßnahmen der Arbeitsplatzsicherheit. Im empirischen Teil wird auf der Basis von Arbeitsmarktdaten aus dem Mikrozensus 1981 und nach Wirtschaftszweigen gegliederten Unfallstatistiken öffentlicher Versicherungsanstalten die implizite Bewertung des Arbeitsplatzrisikos geschätzt. Hiefür wird die sogenannte Hedonic-price-Methode angewandt, d. h. die impliziten Preise von Arbeitnehmer- und Arbeitsplatzcharakteristika werden aus beobachteten Daten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt mit Hilfe von Regressionsschätzungen ermittelt.Aus den Koeffizienten der Risikovariablen kann über den Betrag Aufschluß gewonnen werden, den, den die Gesellschaft für die Bereitstellung von Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zur Verminderung des Unfallrisikos zu zahlen bereit ist. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß auch in Österreich, trotz der in der politischen Diskussion dominierenden Auffassung, erhöhtes Arbeitsplatzrisiko sei nicht durchmonetäre Entschädigungen abzugelten, eine implizite Beziehung zwischen Lohnhöhe und Arbeitsplatzrisiko besteht. Weiters zeigt sich, daß eine Bewertung von Sicherheitsmaßnahmen anhand des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Einkommensentgangs aufgrund des Produktionsausfalls, der durch die Nichtbereitstellung dieser Sicherheitsvorkehrungen entstünde, die gesellschaftliche Bewertung dieser Maßnahmen schwerwiegend unterschätzt.

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We are grateful to Dr. Christoph Badelt and the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and criticism. Of course, the authors bear the responsibility for any remaining errors.     

Earnings Components,Accounting Bias and Equity Valuation

In this paper we address three issues in accounting-based equity valuation: (i) How are valuation parameters related to earnings persistence and accounting conservatism when earnings components aggregate, or “add up”, in valuation? (ii) What does aggregation of earnings components in valuation imply for abnormal earnings dynamics? and (iii) When is an earnings component “irrelevant” and “core”?earnings the relevant construct for valuation? Assuming linear valuation, no-arbitrage, dividend irrelevance and clean surplus accounting, we show that when earnings components aggregate, valuation expressions and abnormal earnings dynamics are generalizations of the Ohlson (1995) model, incorporating simple adjustments for accounting conservatism. When “core” earnings are the relevant earnings construct, valuation expressions closely resemble the aggregation case, but core (abnormal) earnings replaces clean surplus (abnormal) earnings. We demonstrate that an earnings component can be irrelevant in valuation even when it is predictable.     

Economic Effects of Making the 2001 and 2003 Tax Cuts Permanent

All of the provisions of the landmark tax cuts enacted in 2001 and 2003 are scheduled to expire by the end of 2010. This paper analyzes the economic effects of making the tax cuts permanent. We describe the recent tax cuts and the proposals to make them permanent, and explore the consequences of making the tax cuts permanent with regard to the fiscal status of the government, the distribution of after-tax income, and prospects for long-term economic growth.JEL Code: H24     

Subprime Lenders and Mortgage Market Completion

Without a subprime market, some borrowers by virtue of poor credit history, unstable income, and other characteristics are unable to qualify for a mortgage. With a subprime market, there is a more complete credit supply schedule with the market pricing for poorer credit quality in the mortgage rate. By completing the capital market, subprime lenders reduce borrowing constraints. The result is a social welfare gain. Low-credit applicants otherwise denied funding are able to qualify by paying higher interest rates in exchange for offering more equity or lower loan-to-value ratios. This prediction is consistent with the subprime applicants financing or refinancing their mortgages at relatively low loan-to-value ratios.     

Market servicing by multinational manufacturing firms: Exporting versus foreign production

The foreign market servicing behaviour of multinational manufacturing firms evolves over time as a result of the firms' reaction to internal and external pressures. The interplay of immobile ‘location factors’ with internal ‘ownership factors’ under the control of individual enterprises exercises a powerful influence on the choice between exporting and foreign investment. Plant economies of scale encourage exporting, whilst firm level economies of scale, such as the internalization of the fruits of research, may predispose the firm towards foreign investment. Socio-political and cultural elements arising particularly from the nationality of ownership of the firm also influence market servicing strategy.     

Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum

Two very different models of product innovation are postulated and tested. The conservative model assumes that innovation is performed reluctantly, mainly in response to serious challenges. It therefore predicts that innovation will correlate positively with environmental, information processing, structural and decision making variables that represent, or help to recognize and cope with these challenges. In contrast, the entrepreneurial model supposes that innovation is always aggressively pursued and will be very high unless decision makers are warned to slow down. Thus negative correlations are predicted between innovation and the variables that can provide such warning. Correlational and curvilinear regression analyses revealed that each model was supported by conservative and entrepreneurial sub-samples, respectively, in a diverse sample of 52 Canadian firms.     

Inflation and growth in the United Kingdom: A longer-run perspective

This paper analyzes British growth and inflation over the past 90 years. The core of the paper is a simulation analyses of a monetary model of the U.K. economy, which establishes the systematic influence of domestic and overseas impulses on trends in British prices, output and the balance of payments in different subperiods. The analysis establishes a coherent explanation of varying British economic performance, which places considerable weight on the relative growth of the government sector, and the accompanying monetary expansion or contraction, variable world price developments, and the successive devaluations of the pound.